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Am J Translational Res 2012;4(1):83-101
Original Article
Tissue-specific alterations of PRL-1 and PRL-2 expression in cancer
Carmen M. Dumaual, George E. Sandusky, Han Weng Soo, Sean R. Werner, Pamela L. Crowell, Stephen K.
Randall
Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan St., Room SL306,
Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Van Nuys Medical Science Building, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA;
Ministry of Defence, Singapore, MINDEF building, 303 Gombak Drive #B1-36, Singapore 669645, Singapore;
Cook Medical Inc., 750 North Daniels Way, Bloomington, IN, 47404, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN,
46208, USA.
Received December 6, 2011; accepted December 30, 2011; Epub January 5, 2012; Published January 15, 2012
Abstract: The PRL-1 and PRL-2 phosphatases have been implicated as oncogenic, however the involvement of
these molecules in human neoplasms is not well understood. To increase understanding of the role PRL-1 and
PRL-2 play in the neoplastic process, in situ hybridization was used to examine PRL-1 and PRL-2 mRNA
expression in 285 normal, benign, and malignant human tissues of diverse origin. Immunohistochemical
analysis was performed on a subset of these. PRL-1 and PRL-2 mRNA expression was also assessed in a
small set of samples from a variety of diseases other than cancer. Where possible, associations with
clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Alterations in PRL-1 or -2 expression were a frequent event,
but the nature of those alterations was highly tumor type specific. PRL-1 was significantly overexpressed in 100%
of hepatocellular and gastric carcinomas, but significantly underexpressed in 100% of ovarian, 80% of breast,
and 75% of lung tumors. PRL-2 expression was significantly increased in 100% of hepatocellular carcinomas,
yet significantly downregulated in 54% of kidney carcinomas. PRL-1 expression was correlated to patient gender
in the bladder and to patient age in the brain and skeletal muscle. PRL-1 expression was also associated with
tumor grade in the prostate, ovary, and uterus. These results suggest a pleiotropic role for PRL-1 and PRL-2 in
the neoplastic process. These molecules may associate with tumor progression and serve as clinical markers
of tumor aggressiveness in some tissues, but be involved in inhibition of tumor formation or growth in others.
(AJTR1112002).
Keywords: Phosphatase of regenerating liver, PRL-1, PRL-2, in situ hybridization, cancer
Full Text PDF
Address all correspondence to:
Carmen M. Dumaual
IUPUI, Dept. of Biology
723 West Michigan St., Room SL306
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Phone: 317-277-9883, Fax: 317-277-7893
E-mail: cdumaual@gmail.com
Dr. Stephen K. Randall
IUPUI, Dept. of Biology
723 West Michigan St., Room SL306
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Tel: 317-274-0592; Fax: 317-274-2846
E-mail: srandal@iupui.edu
Original Article
Tissue-specific alterations of PRL-1 and PRL-2 expression in cancer
Carmen M. Dumaual, George E. Sandusky, Han Weng Soo, Sean R. Werner, Pamela L. Crowell, Stephen K.
Randall
Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan St., Room SL306,
Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Van Nuys Medical Science Building, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA;
Ministry of Defence, Singapore, MINDEF building, 303 Gombak Drive #B1-36, Singapore 669645, Singapore;
Cook Medical Inc., 750 North Daniels Way, Bloomington, IN, 47404, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN,
46208, USA.
Received December 6, 2011; accepted December 30, 2011; Epub January 5, 2012; Published January 15, 2012
Abstract: The PRL-1 and PRL-2 phosphatases have been implicated as oncogenic, however the involvement of
these molecules in human neoplasms is not well understood. To increase understanding of the role PRL-1 and
PRL-2 play in the neoplastic process, in situ hybridization was used to examine PRL-1 and PRL-2 mRNA
expression in 285 normal, benign, and malignant human tissues of diverse origin. Immunohistochemical
analysis was performed on a subset of these. PRL-1 and PRL-2 mRNA expression was also assessed in a
small set of samples from a variety of diseases other than cancer. Where possible, associations with
clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. Alterations in PRL-1 or -2 expression were a frequent event,
but the nature of those alterations was highly tumor type specific. PRL-1 was significantly overexpressed in 100%
of hepatocellular and gastric carcinomas, but significantly underexpressed in 100% of ovarian, 80% of breast,
and 75% of lung tumors. PRL-2 expression was significantly increased in 100% of hepatocellular carcinomas,
yet significantly downregulated in 54% of kidney carcinomas. PRL-1 expression was correlated to patient gender
in the bladder and to patient age in the brain and skeletal muscle. PRL-1 expression was also associated with
tumor grade in the prostate, ovary, and uterus. These results suggest a pleiotropic role for PRL-1 and PRL-2 in
the neoplastic process. These molecules may associate with tumor progression and serve as clinical markers
of tumor aggressiveness in some tissues, but be involved in inhibition of tumor formation or growth in others.
(AJTR1112002).
Keywords: Phosphatase of regenerating liver, PRL-1, PRL-2, in situ hybridization, cancer
Full Text PDF
Address all correspondence to:
Carmen M. Dumaual
IUPUI, Dept. of Biology
723 West Michigan St., Room SL306
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Phone: 317-277-9883, Fax: 317-277-7893
E-mail: cdumaual@gmail.com
Dr. Stephen K. Randall
IUPUI, Dept. of Biology
723 West Michigan St., Room SL306
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Tel: 317-274-0592; Fax: 317-274-2846
E-mail: srandal@iupui.edu
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